The plumbing and heating industry has several standards covering water temperature in water distribution systems and plumbing fixtures to prevent scalding and Legionella bacterial growth. Read on for an explanation of three new standards focusing on water heaters.

After a renovation project, a physical plant stationary engineer fell into the overflow of scalding hot boiler effluent; he eventually died of his injuries.

Little did the author of Catch-22 know, when the novel was published in 1961, that the title would live on as a motto to mutually conflicting conditions. 

Domestic hot water recirculation (DHWR) systems are designed to conveniently provide a hot water supply at every fixture in all units of a building. 

Hot water has been around since man first harnessed the power of fire, but when at elevated temperatures, it is dangerous and even deadly.

A safe domestic hot water system relies upon a good design, including piping layout and selection and placement of equipment.

Plumbing engineers will need to shift from central temperature control applications to point-of-use control.